Txhawm rau ua tiav Asmeskas Txoj Cai Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Kev Ruaj Ntseg thiab EU Ecodesign Design Directive, cov teeb pom kev zoo siv hluav taws xob tau hloov los ntawm cov teeb hluav taws xob mus rau lub teeb txuag hluav taws xob (CFLs) thiab LEDs kom txuag lub zog thiab txo cov pa roj tsev ua pa. Piv nrog cov teeb pom kev ua kom zoo dua qub, cov qij tshiab xws li lub teeb txuag hluav taws xob (CFLs) thiab lub teeb ci hluav taws xob (LEDs) tuaj yeem txuag tau 70-85% ntawm lub zog siv thiab zoo heev rau lawv cov kev pabcuam lub neej, yog li lawv tau pom tias yog thev naus laus zis nrog zoo kawg thiab lub zog txuag muaj peev xwm. Txawm li cas los xij, cov qij tshiab no muaj ntau qhov nyuaj dua li kev tsim lub teeb noob, nrog qhov muaj peev xwm ib puag ncig zoo, txawm tias piv rau cov neeg siv khoom siv hluav taws xob. CFL thiab LED cov khoom xyaw muaj cov hlau ntau dua. Cov khoom siv no muaj lub peev xwm rau ib puag ncig ntawm kev xav tsis meej. Lawv puas yuav tsum muaj cov kev cai tshwj xeeb thaum lawv mus txog lawv lub neej ua haujlwm xav tau pov tseg? Seong-RinLim li al., "Chaw Kawm Ntawv thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb." Luam tawm lub hli no (En បរិស្ថាន.Sci.Technol.) Luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm "Lub peev xwm ib puag ncig ntawm LED: cov khoom siv hlau, lossis cov khoom lom muaj kuab lom."
Lawv tau ua ke kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ib puag ncig thiab ib puag ncig hauv peb thaj chaw teeb lub teeb sib xyaw (cov teeb pom kev zoo ib txwm, LED thiab txuag hluav taws xob). Lub zog txuag hluav taws xob haus ntau cov bismuth, tooj liab (feem ntau yog rau cov coil thiab cov ntawv luam tawm hauv Circuit Court), hlau, txhuas (cov ntawv luam hlau hluav taws xob thiab cam muag), muaj mercury (muab cov roj teeb txuag hluav taws xob), phosphorus, antimony (fluorescence) thiab zinc (Tiv thaiv cov xim sib xyaw) hlau). Cov qhov muag xaim hluav taws xob xav tau ntau dua aluminium (kub dab dej), germanium (LED nti), germanium, chrome (stainless hlau), tooj liab (coil), gallium (LED nti), kub (LED hlau), hlau, txhuas (luam tawm pawg thawj coj saib), phosphorus, nyiaj (xim txheej xim) thiab zinc (tiv thaiv txheej). Incandescent qhov muag teev tsuas yog tungsten (filament) thiab npib tsib xee. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau rov ua cov hluav taws xob hauv cov hluav taws xob txuag hluav taws xob thiab teeb txawb LED. Cov cai tswjfwm rau kev txuag hluav taws xob thiab cov teeb cig LED yuav tsum suav nrog lub chaw tsim khoom siv cov khoom siv rau cov khoom siv pov tseg lossis cov "tso nyiaj-them rov qab". Tsis tas li ntawd, khij qhov yuav muaj kev phom sij ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab muab tso rau hauv qhov tsim nyog pov tseg kom zoo thiab rov ua haujlwm dua kom tsis txhob pov tseg rau hauv tsev pov tseg tsis tu ncua. Lub DesignfortheEnvironmentProgram (DfE) yog ib txoj haujlwm tsim los ntawm Asmeskas Kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig xyoo 1992 kom tiv thaiv kev ua qias tuaj thiab kev phom sij rau tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig. DfE xav tau cov teeb meem ib puag ncig zoo hauv cov khoom lag luam yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab thaum lub sij hawm tsim, los ntawm cov khoom siv tswj los ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab mus rau kev rov ua dua tshiab kom txo tau kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig. Tus Txheej Txheem Kev Ua Phem Kev Cuam Tshuam Ua Ntej (TCLP) yog cov qauv kev sim ntawm Lub Chaw Pov Hwm Ib Cheeb Tsam Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Nyab Xeeb uas sim cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nkag mus rau cov dej hauv av los ntawm kev rhuav tshem hauv av ntawm cov khib nyiab. Tom qab cov ntawv xeem saum toj no, nws pom tias LED qij xav tau kub, nyiaj, bismuth thiab tooj liab, uas yog ob qho kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov ntau dua hauv kev siv hluav taws xob ntau dua li lub teeb roj incandescent thiab 2-5 zaug siab dua lub zog txuag hluav taws xob.
Txog kev txuag hluav taws xob teeb, cov khoom siv uas muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj ntawm kev siv nyiaj yog tooj. Nyiaj thiab kub yog cov hlau tsis tshua muaj, thiab lawv tseem tau teev npe ua cov ntaub ntawv rau cov teeb meem peev txheej hauv European Union. Txawm hais tias tooj liab hauv Tebchaws Meskas tseem tsis tau txog theem kev kub ntxhov, hauv lub zog txuag hluav taws xob teeb thiab LEDs, tus nqi tooj yog ntau heev, uas yog 1-6 xaj ntawm lub zog rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv hlau, thiab kev txhim kho yog kuj txhawj xeeb. Cov ntsiab lus hlau feem ntau hauv LED qhov muag teev yog txhuas, tantalum, chromium, thiab gallium, uas tsis tuaj yeem pab txhawb tag nrho kev siv nyiaj. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg ntawm no tias txawm hais tias lub ntiaj teb cov peev txheej ntawm gallium raug txiav txim siab los txiav txim siab txog kev txaus ntshai ntawm cov khoom lag luam, nws tseem tseem xav tias yog cov khoom siv uas yuav ntsib teeb meem, vim tias gallium tsuas yog tau los ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev kho mob ntawm bauxite. thiab ore zinc. Cov. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, txawm hais tias, thiab tseem muaj lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig, lawv tsis zoo li yuav muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm cov khoom siv, vim tias thiab tseem muaj ntau hauv ntiaj teb, thiab cov nyiaj ntawm strontium yog tsawg heev. Yog tias LEDs thiab lub zog txuag hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv hloov cov teeb pom kev zoo ntawm qhov nrawm tam sim no, kev txiav txim siab kev siv nyiaj yuav tshwm sim, vim tias qhov muab nyiaj ntawm kub, nyiaj, antimony, thiab cov khoom siv tooj liab tsis txaus. Txij li kub muaj lub zog hluav taws xob tsis zoo, nws yog feem ntau siv los txuas cov xov hlau ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv cov LED nti. Nyiaj yog ib cov ntaub ntawv txheej xim zoo nkauj rau LEDs. yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm LED chips. Tooj liab yog siv hauv LEDs thiab lub teeb txuag hluav taws xob rau cov kauj thiab cov ntawv luam tawm. Yog li, hauv DfE, cov khoom siv sib txuas (cov tshuab hluav taws xob tsis yog teeb pom kev zoo nws tus kheej) tau cog lus rau kev rov ua dua tshiab thiab kev tsim kho tshiab kom txo lawv cov ntsiab lus hlau, ib yam li hauv cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev sib txuas lus, kev lag luam fiber ntau kho qhov tooj liab.
Cov piv txwv ntxiv ntawm DfE muaj kev vam meej hauv cov khoom lag luam tiag tiag tuaj yeem pom nyob hauv Asmeskas EPADfE lub vev xaib. Ntxiv nrog rau kev siv cov thev naus laus zis rov qab siv tshuab, kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab kev tswj hwm kev lag luam yuav tsum tau ua raws li kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom muaj hlau zoo nyob hauv LEDs thiab lub teeb txuag hluav taws xob tuaj yeem nkag mus rov ua dua. Hauv tsoomfwv Meskas thiab tsoomfwv xeev txoj cai lij choj hauv tsoomfwv, txoj kev siv lub neej ntawm kev tiv thaiv lub neej thiab kev tiv thaiv kev phom sij rau kev tshuaj xyuas seb cov khoom muag no tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom pov tseg tsis zoo. Kev siv lub neej mus cuam tshuam txog lub neej yog txawv los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas lub neej (LCA), uas yog suav qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov khoom lom hauv LCA. Ob lub teeb txuag hluav taws xob thiab cov teeb txawb LED tuaj yeem raug cais raws li cov khoom pov tseg vim tias cov hlau lead tuaj yeem tuaj yeem ploj mus ntev heev (132 mg / L thiab 44 mg / L, feem, thaum cov qauv kev nyab xeeb yog 5) thiab theem siab ntawm tooj liab (111000) mg / kg thiab 31600mg / kg, thiab cov qauv kev nyab xeeb yog 2500), txhuas (3860mg / kg rau CFL qhov muag teev, 1000 rau cov qauv kev nyab xeeb) thiab zinc (34500mg / kg rau CFL qhov muag teev, 5000 rau cov qauv kev nyab xeeb), thaum lub teeb tsis tuaj yeem yog tsis txaus ntshai. ntawm. Nco ntsoov tias nyob hauv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm CFL cov noob, cov pa mercury ntawm lub qhov muag tsis pom zoo thiab tsis muaj kev ntes thaum lub sijhawm npaj ntawm cov qauv sim. Piv rau cov teeb pom kev ua kom zoo, lub teeb txuag hluav taws xob thiab cov teeb txawb LED muaj qhov zoo ntawm cov peev txheej thiab cov tshuaj lom, feem ntau yog vim lawv cov txhuas siab, tooj, kub, txhuas, nyiaj thiab zinc. LEDs muaj qhov ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws, feem ntau yog vim muaj cov tooj liab thiab txhuas, ua raws los ntawm lub zog txuag teeb roj vim tias lub ntsiab hlau yog tooj liab. Cov txiaj ntsig no txawv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ToxicPotential Indicator (TPI). Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm TPI qhia tau tias cov tshuaj lom ntau tshaj plaws ntawm lub teeb txuag hluav taws xob feem ntau yog vim muaj cov xaim hluav taws xob thiab tooj liab, tom qab ntawd tooj liab-LEDs. Incandescent qhov muag teev muaj txhuas, tooj liab, thiab npib tsib xee, tab sis tus nqi yog tsawg heev thiab lub peev xwm toxicity tseem tsawg. Lub zog txuag hluav taws xob teeb muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws rau tib neeg ua rau lub cev tsis huv thiab ecotoxicity, ua raws li LEDs.
Cov tib neeg ua rau lub cev muaj kuab lom thiab ecotoxicity ntawm lub teeb txuag hluav taws xob yog 2.5 zaug thiab 1.3 npaug siab dua li LEDs, feem, thiab yog ob qho kev txiav txim ntawm lub zog loj rau cov roj teeb incandescent. Kev txheeb ze ntawm ntau cov ntsiab lus hlau hauv qhov muag teeb rau tib neeg ua rau kev lom neeg thiab ecotoxicity tau tshawb xyuas. Zinc thiab tooj liab yog qhov siab tshaj plaws, xam rau 89, 98% thiab 74-89%, feem. Hauv txoj kev xaus, kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm lub zog-txuag teeb thiab LED teeb yog 3-26 npaug thiab 2-3 zaug siab dua qhov ntawm lub teeb lub hauv siab. Cov teeb hluav taws xob txuag hluav taws xob tam sim no thiab cov thev naus laus zis LED thev naus laus zis yuav tsum tau tsim kho ntxiv txhawm rau kom txo kev siv hluav taws xob tag nrho thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom puas.
Kev ntsuam xyuas txhua yam ntawm kev sib npaug ntawm cov txiaj ntsig thiab cov nqi pom zoo tias nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau nrhiav lwm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm qhov pom ntawm DfE lub neej kev ua haujlwm, txo qis kev siv cov txhuas, tooj, kub, txhuas, nyiaj, thiab zinc. Lwm txoj hauv kev yog los tsim lub neej ntev dua lub zog txuag hluav taws xob thiab cov qij LED uas txo qis kev siv cov khoom siv tshiab thiab cov khib nyiab pov tseg. Yog li, hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv teeb pom kev zoo, ua raws li txoj cai tiv thaiv thiab kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov ntxiv, ntxiv rau kev txhim kho kev siv hluav taws xob, peb kuj yuav tsum tsom mus rau cov thev naus laus zis uas txo cov kev pheej hmoo thiab tsis tshua muaj cov ntsiab lus hlau uas tsis cuam tshuam rau lawv kev ua haujlwm thiab lub neej ntev. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov peev txheej rov qab, qee cov hlau hauv qhov muag teev yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus. Yog li, muaj kev xav tau sai sai rau cov txheej txheem tswj kev pov tseg tsim nyog, lossis siv cov thev naus laus zis kom txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj lom, hlau, lossis txuas lub neej ntev ntawm lub teeb.
